Chaining waa habka wax lagu baro taas oo xirfadaheeda hoose lagu xoojiyo si taxadar leh si loogu sahliyo ardayga in uu sameeyo dabeecado badan oo isku dhafan. Tusaale ahaan, in la baro ilmo inuu kabo xirmo, tallaabo kasta oo shakhsi ah, adoo adkeynaya musqulaha si ay u sameeyaan qaybo ka mid ah buro, ayaa la barayaa oo la xoojin doonaa illaa cunuga uu qaban karo hawsha dhamaystiran.
Tusaalooyinka loogu talagalay ardayda oo dhan
Chaining waxaa loo isticmaalaa xaalado badan oo kala duwan, labadaba carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn.
Iyadoo loo maleynayo inay tahay qalab loogu talagalay dadka wax bara baahida khaaska ah , dhab ahaantii waa hab loo og yahay oo lagu barayo wax walba oo shaqsi ah qof kasta. Chaining ayaa si gaar ah faa'iido u leh hawlaha ay leeyihiin walxo isku dhafan oo kala duwan oo ay tahay in la raaco taxane gaar ah.
Ka feker isku day inaad barato qof sida loola tacaalo ugxanta. Ka fikir in bartaha uusan aqoon u lahayn karinta aasaasiga ah. Ma fahmaan sida loo jajabiyo ukumaha, sida loo isticmaalo cunto kariyaha, ama sida loo adeego cuntada - sidaa daraadeed talaabo kasta oo hawsha lagu sharraxayo:
- Qaado ukunta iyo subagga qaboojiyaha.
- U qaado mindi, fargeeto, iyo alaabada alwaax ka samee qashinka jikada.
- Ka qaad maydka golaha wasiirada.
- Qaado digsi yaryar oo dabaq ah oo ka sameysan shooladda.
- Isticmaal mindi si aad u dhinto hal qaado oo sabdo ah.
- Subagga ku rid digsiga.
- Ku rid digsiga kariyaha.
- Demi dabka adiga oo garaacaya garaacida ilaa dhexdhexaad.
... iyo wixii la mid ah.
Tilmaamyada kuwan oo kale ah, kuwaas oo bixiya taxane-ama "silsilad" -filaahyada saxda ah waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u faa'iido leh qof u kariya nafsaddiisa markii ugu horeysay.
Xitaa xitaa buug-yare, kuwaas oo ku siinaya talaabo talaabo talaabo heer gaara ah, ha ku siin macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ee ku saabsan meesha laga helo waxyaabaha muhiimka ah iyo sida loo isticmaalo qalab kasta si sax ah.
Tusaalooyinka loogu talagalay Bartayaasha Baahida Gaarka ah
Carruurta iyo dadka waaweynba waxay u baahan yihiin baahi gaar ah si ay u bartaan shaqooyinka ay dadka kale wax ku baran karaan iyagoo daawanaya isla markaana ay ku daydaan.
Waxa kale oo ay noqon kartaa kiiska ardayga baahida khaaska ah uusan laheyn rabitaanka dhalinyarada ah in uu barto hawlaha qaarkood. Inkastoo shanta sano jir ee caadiga ah laga yaabo inay rabto inay madaxbannaani sii weynaato iyadoo la barayo inay xirto kabaha iyo jejebiyaha jaakadeeda, baahi khaas ah oo shan jir ah ayaa laga yaabaa inaanay dareemin baahi gaar ah oo ah "in aan sameeyo nafteyda."
Si loo baro xirfadaha ardayga baahida khaaska ah, macallinka wuxuu badanaa u baahan yahay inuu bixiyo "xoojiyayaal" si uu u dhamaystiro si guul leh oo isku xira "link" kasta oo "silsilad". Kaaliyeyaashu waxay noqon karaan amaan ama abaalmarin ah in ardaygu uu si firfircoon u doonayo. Sidaa darteed, tusaale ahaan, haddii ay dhacdo in lagu xiro jaakad, macallin ayaa qorsheynaya inuu barto xirfadaha waqti-ka-oo abaalmarin kasta tallaabo qaado:
- Raadi jaakad (shaqo weyn!)
- Dharkaaga saar madax banaan (xiddig dahab ah)
- Iska ilaali calaamadda jebiyaha oo soo jiid (daaweyn gaar ah)
- Dhammaystir taxanaha oo dhan adiga oo aan taageereynin (Abaalmarin kama dambeys ah)
Isticmaalida Chaining at Home iyo School
Haddii uu si fiican u shaqeeyo bartaha baahida gaarka ah, waxaa lagu fulin karaa meelo kala duwan oo kala duwan. Inta badan, waa fikrad wanaagsan in waalidiinta iyo macallimiintu ay ka wada hadlaan sida loo kala saaro goobaha kala duwan. Marka cunuggu isticmaalo farsamooyinka barashada isla guriga dhexdiisa iyo dugsiga, waxay u noqon karaan kuwo uquruxsan oo raacaya tilmaamaha iyo si dhakhso ah u helaan xirfado cusub.
Back Chaining
Marmarka qaarkood shiiq ayaa laga yaabaa inay aad ugu lug yeeshaan arday bartey kuwaas oo noqon kara jahawareer ama lumay iyada oo loo marayo silsilado talaabo. Xaalad sidan oo kale ah, xoqin dhabarka ayaa noqon karta doorasho wanaagsan. Waalidka ama macallimiinta ayaa dhameystiraya qaybaha kala duwan ee silsiladda, taas oo u oggolaanaysa ilmaha inuu dhammeeyo hawsha ugu dambeysa. Maadaama ay hawshani ugu dambeyntii noqoto mid sahlan, qofka weyn ayaa markaa si tartiib tartiib ah dib ugu soo noqonaya oo ilmaha u buuxi karaa alaabada badan ee silsiladda.
Tusaale ahaan, in sariir la sameynayo qof qaangaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa inuu fuliyo dhammaan hawlihii ka baxaya talaabada ugu dambaysa-barkinta sariirta-ilmaha.
Markuu ilmuhu noqdo mid si fiican u dhammaystiraya tallaabadan, cunuga waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu weydiisto inuu ku daro talaabada xigta ee soo socota-jiidaya qalabka nalalka-iyo wixii la mid ah.
Cilmi-nafsiga ee Chaining
Jeexitaanku wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay habka barashada ee cilmi-nafsi ahaan loo yaqaan "conditionant". Qalalaasaha hawl-qabadka, maskax ahaanshaha BF Skinner wuxuu u dhaqmaa iyadoo loo eegayo aragtida fahamka gudaha iyo dhiirigelinta maaha mid lagama maarmaan u ah fahamka dabeecadda. Taa bedelkeeda, waxaanu eegi karnaa sababaha dibadda ee dabeecadda.
Habka barashada aqbaarta hawleedka ayaa sheegaya in barashada la xoojiyay (ama la joojiyay) si looga jawaabo abaalmarinta iyo ciqaabta. Tusaale ahaan, ficilada soo socota ay soo raaceen taageerayaal wanaagsan (sida erayga amaan ama xiddig dahab ah) waxay u badan tahay in lagu celiyo. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, waa natiijada habdhaqanka kaas oo go'aamiya in ilmuhu barto halkii uu ku dhiirigelin lahaa gudaha.
Ilaha:
Sadock, B., Sadock, V., iyo P. Ruiz. Kaplan iyo Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Sayniska Dabeecadda / Cilmi-nafsiga ee Clinical. 2014.