Marka la tallaalo, carruurta badankood waxay kobciyaan unugyada difaaca jirka kuwaas oo ka caawin kara inay iska difaacaan caabuqyada khaaska ah ee fayraska, sida cagaarshow B, dabaysha, iyo jadeecada, iwm, ama caabuqyada bakteeriyada, oo ay ku jiraan teetanada, xiiqdheerta (xiiqdheerta), iyo gawracatada iwm.
In kastoo ay jiraan dad badan oo ka soo horjeeda tallaal, dadka intooda ugu badani waxay u maleyn jireen in tallaalku yahay mid ka mid ah guulihii ugu fiicnaa ee caafimaadka qarnigii 20aad.
Taariikhda Tallaalka
- Edward Jenner wuxuu tijaabiyaa tijaabooyinka 1796-kii kaas oo horseeday tallaalkii ugu horreeyay ee furuqa dhawr sano kadibna wuxuu bedelay kala duwanaansho sidii looga hortagi lahaa cudurka furuqa
- Tallaalka loogu talagalay rabshadaha waxaa sameeyay Louis Pasteur 1885
- Tallaalka loogu talagalay daacuunka iyo tafatirka ayaa la sameeyay 1896-kii iyo tallaalka cudurka beeraha 1887-kii
- Tallaalka ugu horreeya ee "diphtheria" waxaa la soo saaray 1913 iyada oo loo marayo hawsha Emil Adolf Behring, William Hallock Park, iyo kuwo kale
- Talaalka ugu horreeya ee unugyada xiiq - dheerta ee " pertussis" waxaa la sameeyaa 1914, inkastoo ay qaadan doonto dhowr sano ka hor intaan la isticmaalin
- Tallaalka teetanus waxaa la sameeyay 1927-kii
- Carruurta 12 ayaa u dhiman markii ay dhalmada isticmaasho tallaalka diphtheria-ka ee aan ku jirin daawo-ilaaliye waxay ku sumoobeen bakteeriyada Queensland Musiibada 1928-kii
- Maxay Tilaabanayaan tallaalka koowaad ee qandhada jaalaha ee 1936
- AAP waxay si rasmi ah u ansixisay isticmaalka tallaalka xiiq-dheerta ee Pearl Kendrick iyo Grace Eldering 1943
- Tallaalka hargab ee ugu horreeya waa rukhsad loo isticmaalo isticmaalka Maraykanka sannadkii 1945
- Tallaallada shubanka ah, tetanus, iyo tallaalka xiiqdheerta ayaa isku dhafan hal tallaal DTP oo ah 1948
- Talaalka polio ee aan nooleyn ee dabaysha (IPV) waxaa la soo saarey 1955
- Qiyaastii 200 oo carruur ah ayaa ku dhacaya dabaysha sannadkii 1955 tallaalka cudurka dabaysha ee waxyeellada leh ee waxa loo yaqaan 'Eventter Event'
- Tallaalka dabaysha ee dabaysha ee Sabin (OPV) ayaa beddelaya tallaalka polio Salk 1962
- Tallaalka jadeecada ee ugu horeysay wuxuu ahaa ruqsad la siiyey 1963 laakiin waxaa lagu bedelay fayruus jadeeco oo dheeraad ah oo sababay waxyeelo yar oo soo gaartay 1968
- Tallaalka MMR wuxuu diyaar u yahay 1971, isaga oo isku darey tallaalka jadeecada, qaamo-qashiirta (oo la siiyay 1967), iyo rubella (1969), waxaana si joogta ah loo siiyay markii dhallaanka da'doodu tahay 15 bilood
- Tallaalka joogtada ah ee tallaalka cudurka furuqa wuxuu ku dhamaanayaa Maraykanka 1972
- Pneumovax , oo ah tallaalka ugu horreeya ee pneumococcal oo ka ilaaliya carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn noocyada kala duwan ee bakteeriyada Streptococcus pneumoniae ayaa la ansixiyey sannadkii 1971 waxaana lagu siiyaa carruurta khatarta sare leh
- Golaha Baarlamaanka Caafimaadka ee Caalamiga ah ee Saddexaad ayaa sheegay in furuqa la ciribtiray 1979-kii
- Menomune, talaalka ugu horreeya ee meningococcal waa rukhsad loo heystaa 1981 waxaana lagu talinayaa caruurta khatarta sare leh illaa iyo inta laga beddelo Menactra
- Tallaalka cagaarshow B ee plasma-ga ayaa rukhsad u haysta sannadkii 1981
- Tallaalka Roulette , oo ah qaybta wararka muranka dhalisay, hawada 1982-ka iyo isku deyeysa in ay iskaashi la yeelato tallaalka DPT oo leh dhaawac maskaxeed oo joogta ah, ayaa hoos u dhigeysa khatarta cudurka qaaxada iyo in ay gacan ka geysato bilawga dhaqdhaqaaqa tallaalka anti-tallaalka
- Tallaalka polymaccharide Haemophilus b waa 1985, laakiin nasiib daro ma siinayo difaac wanaagsan carruurta da'doodu ka yar tahay 18 illaa 24 bilood, kuwaas oo halis ugu jira infalawansada Haemophilus Cudurka B
- Tallaalka cagaarshow B (Recombivax HB) ayaa la ansixiyey sannadkii 1986, laakiin waxaa lagu talinayaa in loo isticmaalo kaliya kuwa khatarta ugu jira infekshanka
- Tallaalka cagaarshow B, Engerix-B, ayaa la ansixiyey sannadkii 1989
- Tallaalka Haemophilus B conjugate (PRP-D) ayaa la ansixiyey sanadkii 1988 si loo siiyo difaac ka dhan ah cudurka Haemophilus influenzae nooca B ee dhammaan carruurta ugu yaraan 18 bilood, laakiin sanadka 1990, waxaa lagu bedelay laba tallaal oo hagaagsan (TPP-HbOC iyo PRP-OMP) kuwaas oo la siin karo ilmo da'doodu tahay laba bilood
- Qiyaasta xoojinta MMR waxaa marka hore lagu talinayaa 1989, laakiin kaliya carruurta ku nool gobollada oo leh ugu yaraan 5 xaaladood oo jadeeco ah. Jadwalka 2-aad ee jadwalka MMR lama isticmaalin dhammaan carruurta ilaa 1994.
- Nidaamka Warbixinta Dhacdooyinka Tallaalka Tallaalka (VAERS) waxaa la aasaasey 1990kii
- Tallaalka cagaarshowga B iyo tallaalka Hib ayaa lagu talinayaa dhammaan carruurta yaryar ee sannadkii 1991
- Tallaalka DTaP, oo loo malaynayo in uu leeyahay saameyno yar oo ka yar tan DTP waa shatiga, iyo 1997 bedelay DTP-da dhammaan qiyaasaha loo baahan yahay, in kastoo DTP aan waligeed la muujin in ay sababtay qalalaaso ama dhaawac maskaxeed, sida horay looga sheegey Vaccine Roulette
- Hay'adda WHO ayaa ku dhawaaqday in cudurka dabeysha laga tirtiray Qaybta Galbeedka Galbeed 1994
- Tallaal si looga ilaaliyo carruurta ka hortagga busbuska (Varivax) waa shatiyayntii 1995
- VAQTA, tallaalka cagaarshowga A ee ugu horeeya waxaa ansixiyay FDA 1996 ilaa caruurta da'doodu ugu yaraan laba sano laakin waxaa badanaa la siiyaa caruurta khatarta sare leh si loo helo cagaarshow A
- Tallaalka dabaysha ee aan la daboolin (IPV) ayaa mar kale lagula taliyaa caruurta waxayna beddeshaa talaalka dabaysha ee dabaysha (OPV) 1996-kii sababtoo ah halista yar ee tallaalka poliomyelitis-ka (VAPP), oo laga bilaabo jadwalka tallaalka IPV-OPV ee xiga iyo ka dibna tagaya jadwalka IPV-ga oo dhan 2000
- RotaShield, Tallaalka rotafayruus ee ugu horreeya waa ruqsad u heystaa 1998 laakiin waxaa si dhakhso ah looga soocay suuqa 1999-kii kadib markii lala xiriiriyay khatarta kordheysa ee intussusception, nooc ka mid ah xayawaanka
- LYMErix, tallaalka cudurka Lyme, ayaa rukhsad u haysta 1998
- Dr. Andrew Wakefield wuxuu soo saarey warbixinta joornaalka Lancet oo isku dayey inuu isku xiro MMR iyo autism
- Thimerosal ayaa laga soo qaaday tallaalka intiisa badan tallaalka jadwalka tallaalka carruurnimada ee 1999 iyo 2000
- Jadeeco halis ah ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in laga tirtiray Maraykanka sannadkii 2000
- Prevnar, oo ah tallaal pneumococcal oo cusub oo aan waligeed ku jirin maadada thimerosal, ayaa shati bixisay sannadkii 2000 waxaana lagu darey jadwalka talaalka sanadka soo socda
- LYMErix waxay ka baxaysaa suuqa sababtoo ah iibka aan ku filneyn ee 2002
- Flumist, tallaalka hargabka, noolaha, tallaalka hargabka, ayaa la ansixiyey 2004
- Cudurka endemic waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa in laga tirtiray wadanka Mareykanka sannadkii 2004
- Talaalka hargabka ee dhammaan carruurta caafimaadka leh ee u dhexeeya 6 illaa 23 bilood ayaa soo jeediyay rasmi ah xilliga hargabka 2004-05.
- Laga bilaabo xilliga jiilaalka 2004-05, tallaalka hargabka waxaa lagula talinayaa haweenka uurka leh xilliga hargabka, marxaladda sadexaad, taas oo ka duwan talooyinka hore ee loogu talagalay tallaalka hargabka haddii haweeney ay ka sarreysiiso seddexda bilood ee ugu horeeya uurka inta lagu jiro xilliga hargabka. Nasiib daro, inkasta oo ay ku jiraan qayb halis sare leh, kaliya 13% oo keliya ee haweenka uurka leh ayaa heley tallaalka hargabka sanadka 2003.
- Havrix, tallaalka kale ee cagaarshowga A, ayaa la ansixiyey sannadkii 2005 iyo tilmaanta da'da labadaba tallaalka cagaarshowga A labadoodaba waa la dhimayaa 12 bilood.
- Menactra, tallaal looga hortago noocyada qaar ee cudurka meningococcal ayaa ruqsad ka bixiyay 2005 waxaana lagu darey jadwalka tallaalka sanadka 2006, lagula taliyay dhamaantood da'doodu u dhaxayso 11 illaa 12 sano ama marka ay galaan dugsiga sare
- Tallaalka Tdap (Boostrix ama Adacel) waxaa lagula talinayaa dhalinyarada iyo dadka waaweyn in ay ka ilaaliyaan xiiq-dheerta 2006-kii waxayna bedelayaan talaalka hore ee tallaalka Tdanus oo keliya oo ka soo horjeeday teetanada iyo gawracatada
- RotaTeq, tallaal kale oo rotavirus ah, ayaa ruqsad ka helay 2006 waxaana lagu darey jadwalka talaalka sanadka 2007
- Tallaalka cagaarshowga A waxaa lagu daraa jadwalka tallaal-carruureedka caadiga ah 2006-dii
- Gardasil, tallaalka kowaad HPV, ayaa la ansixiyey sannadkii 2006
- Qiyaasta 2aad ee xoojinta tallaalka busbuska ayaa lagu darey jadwalka talaalka sanadka 2007 si looga caawiyo kahortagga infekshanka
- Tallaalka rotavirus kale, RotaRix, ayaa la ansixiyey 2008
- Tallaalka kale ee HPV, Cervarix, ayaa la ansixiyey 2009kii
- Tallaalka kale ee meningococcal, Menveo, ayaa la ansaxiyey sannadkii 2010
- Nooca cusub ee Prevnar, oo bixin kara caynsanaanta 13 cudur ee bakteeriyada pneumococcal, ayaa la ansixiyey oo beddelaya qaybta hore (Prevnar 7) sannadkii 2010
- Fluzone Intradermal iyo Fluzone High-Dose waa laba tallaal oo cusub ee tallaalka hargabka kaas oo la heley 2011
- Tallaal isku dhafan oo ka hortagaya labada nooc ee Haemophilus influenzae nooca B iyo Nogeria meningitidis serogroups C iyo Y ayaa ay ansixiyeen FDA 2013-ka. MenHibrix waxaa lagu talinayaa dhallaanka khatarta sare leh cudurka meningokakal.
- Tallaalka infalawansada quudiya, oo ka hortagaya afarta nooc ee hargabka, ayaa noqda mid diyaar u ah xilliga hargabka 2013-14
- Trumenba, tallaalka koowaad ee looga hortago serogroup B Cudurka Meningococcal waxaa ansixiyay FDA (Oktoobar 2014). Hore, Bexsero, oo ah tallaalka MenB ee la ogolaaday dalal kale, ayaa la siiyay ardayda qaar ka mid ah kuleejada intii ay dillaaceen sida ku cad barnaamijka FDA ee barnaamijka helitaanka ballaarinta ee badeecooyinka baaritaanka. Labadaba waxaa lagu talinayaa ACIP kuwa loogu talagalay dadka khatarta sare ugu jira cudurka meningococcal serogroup B.
- Gardasil 9 waxaa ansixiyay FDA (Diseembar 2014) si ay u bixiso difaac shan nooc oo dheeraad ah HPV.
Tallaalka isku dhafan
Marka lagu daro tallaaladan cusub, dhawr tallaal oo cusub ayaa la soo saaray sannado badan, oo ay ku jiraan:
- Tetramune , oo isugu jira DTP iyo Hib, 1993
- Comvax , isku-dar ah Hib iyo Hepatitis B, 1996
- Pediarix , isku-darka DTaP, IPV, iyo tallaalka cagaarshow B, 2004
- ProQuad , isku-dar ah MMR iyo Varivax, 2006
- Pentacel , oo isugu jira DTaP, IPV, iyo Hib, sannadkii 2008
- Kinrix , oo isugu jira DTaP iyo IPV, sannadkii 2008
Inkastoo aysan beddelin tirada tallaalka, carruurtaada ayaa hela, tallaal isku dhafan ayaa yareyn kara tirada tallaalada ah ee uu helo booqasho kasta. Tusaale ahaan, halkii saddex tallaal oo DTaP ah, IPV, iyo Hib tallaalada labadii, afraad, iyo lixdii biloodba ee booqashada ilmaha, ilmahaagu wuxuu heli karaa tallaalka Pentacel markasta mar walba.
Jadwalka Taariikhda Tallaalka
Foomka hadda jira ee jadwalka tallaalka carruurnimada, kaas oo sanad kasta soo saaray Guddiga La-talinta ee Tallaalka Tallaalka (ACIP), Akademiga Maraykanka ee Caafimaadka Carruurta (AAP), iyo Agaasimaha Agaasimaha Aatiga Maraykanka (AAFP), ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay 1995. Waqtigaas, tallaalka talaalka waxaa ka mid ahaa Cagaarshow B, DTP, inkastoo DTaP la heley qiyaasaha xoojinta 15 illaa 18 bilood iyo 4 ilaa 6 sano, Td, OPV (tallaalka poliovirus), iyo MMR.
Ka hor 1995, ACIP ayaa soo bandhigtay jadwalka tallaalka mar kasta oo talooyin cusub la sameeyey oo bedelay jadwalka, sida kudhacday:
- 1994 - Tallaalka Hib iyo cagaarshow B ee loogu talagalay dhammaan ilmaha yar iyo xoojinta MMR ee dhammaan carruurta
- 1989 - Tallaalka Hib wuxuu ku taliyey dhamaan dhalaanka da'doodu tahay 18 bilood iyo xoojinta tallaalka MMR ee lagu taliyey in badan oo yaryar
- 1983 - jadwalkan, carruurtu waxay qaateen DTP (5 qiyaasood), OPV (4 qiyaasood), MMR (1 qiyaas), iyo Td
Inkasta oo waalidiinta qaarkood ay jeclaan lahaayeen in ay dib ugu noqdaan jadwalka hore marka carruurtu ay qaataan tallaal yaryar, waxaa muhiim ah in la xasuusto qayb kale oo taariikh ah, maadaama ay tani ahayd wakhti marka, sannad kasta, dadka (inta badan carruurta) wali waxay heleen:
- Pneumonia, meningitis, iyo infekshinka dhiigga ee bakteeriyada Streptococcus pneumoniae - 63,067 xaaladood iyo 6500 oo dhimasho
- Mininjaytis, epiglottitis, iyo infekshannada kale ee halista ah ee haemophilus influenzae nooca b (Hib) - 20,000 kiis iyo 1,000 dhimasho
- Meningococcia iyo meningococcal meningitis
- Cagaarshow A - 117,333 kiis, 6863 isbitaal, iyo 137 dhimasho
- Hepatitis B - 66, 232 xaaladood, 7,348 isbitaalada, iyo 237 dhimasho
- Gawracatada "Rotavirus" - 3 malyan oo kiis, 70 isbitaal, iyo 20 illaa 60 dhimasho
- Busbus - kaliya in ka badan 4 milyan oo kiis, 10,000 isbitaal, iyo 100 dhimasho
- Noocyada ugu caamsan ee HPV ee keeni kara kansarka ilma-mareenka
Ilaa iyo markii tallaalka loo soo saaray kuwan iyo infekshannada kale ee laga hortagi karo, kiisaska intooda badani waxay hoos u dhaceen 99 illaa 100 boqolkiiba.
Sida badan oo kale ayaa loo sameeyaa si loo xaqiijiyo waalidiinta ku saabsan nabadgelyada tallaalka, oo ay ku jirto in dadaallada lagu xiriirinayo autismka iyo tallaalka la ciribtiray oo la yiraahdo thimerosal ayaa laga saaray dhammaan tallaalada jadwalka tallaalka carruurnimada, waxay noqon kartaa nasiib daro in la ogaado heerka tallaalka iyo cuduradan soo noqdaan.
> Ilo:
> Waqtiga: Mabaadi'da iyo Tababarka Cudurada Cudurrada Cudurada Iskuulka Dib loo daabacay, 3aad ed. - 2009.
> Warbixinta Guddiga Cilmi-baarista Caafimaadka Maraykanka (American Academy of Pediatrics) Warbixinta: Cilmi-baarista Maraykanka ee Maraykanka: Hawlaha Milkiilayaasha ee Millennium. Pediatrics, Jun 2001; 107: 1482 - 1491.
> Shapiro-Shapin CG. Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, iyo tallaalka xiiq-dheerta. Emerg Cudurka Neef. Volume 16, Number 8-Agoosto 2010.
Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, iyo Bennett Mabaadiida iyo Tababarka Cudurrada Cudurrada ah, 7aad ed.
> Ka hortagga cudurka dabaysha ee Maraykanka. Cusbooneysiiyay talooyinka Guddiga Talo-bixinta ee Tallaalka Tallaalka (ACIP). MMWR. May 19, 2000/49 (RR05), 1-22.
> Haemophilus b Isugeynta Tallaalka Ka Hortagga Haemophilus > influenzae > Nooca B Cudurada Dhallaanka iyo Carruurta Laba Dakhli Da'da iyo Talooyinka Weyn ee ACIP. MMWR. Janaayo 11, 1991/40 (RR01); 1-7
> Guulaha Caafimaadka Bulshada, 1900-1999 Saamaynta Tallaalka Universal Ku Taliyeyaal Carruurta - > Mareykanka, 1990-1998. MMWR. Abriil 02, 1999/48 (12); 243-248
> Roush SW. Isbarbardhiga taariikhda ee cudurrada iyo dhimashada ee cudurada talaalka looga hortago ee Maraykanka. JAMA. 14-NOV-2007; 298 (18): 2155-63
> Evan J. Anderson. Saameynta talaalka Rotavirus ee Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ee Carruurta. Pediatrics 2011; 127: e264-e270.